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美国海军海上系统司令部近日宣布，美国海军“星座”级护卫舰首舰已在意大利芬坎蒂尼集团旗下的马里内特造船厂开工建造，预计2026年交付。美海军“星座”级护卫舰性能如何？美国为何时隔多年重新开建护卫舰？ 就相关话题，军事观察员周伟政 深入解析。    WARSAW, Poland -- The majority of voters in Poland's general election supported opposition parties that promised to reverse democratic backsliding and repair the nation's relationship with allies, including the European Union and Ukraine, according to projections Monday.After a bitter and emotional campaign, turnout was projected at almost 73%, the highest level in the country's 34 years of democracy and surpassing the 63% who turned out in the historic 1989 vote that toppled communism. In the city of Wroclaw, the lines were so long that voting continued through the night until nearly 3 a.m.A so-called late exit poll by Ipsos suggested that voters had grown tired of the governing nationalist Law and Justice party after eight years of divisive policies that led to frequent street protests, bitter divisions within families and billions of euros (dollars) in funding held up by the EU over rule of law violations.Poland's currency, the zloty, strengthened against the dollar and the euro on news of the opposition gains.The outcome could also affect ties with neighboring Ukraine, which Poland has supported in the war against Russia's aggression. The good relations soured in September over Ukraine grain entering and affecting Poland's market.The Ipsos poll showed that three centrist opposition parties that campaigned on a promise to reverse the illiberal drift of the government had together secured around 248 seats in the 460-seat lower house of parliament, or Sejm, a clear majority.“I am really overjoyed now," Magdalena Chmieluk, a 43-year-old accountant, said Monday morning. The opposition "will form a government and we will finally be able to live in a normal country, for real.”The opposition parties faced many disadvantages in contesting the election, said Jacek Kucharczyk, president of the Institute of Public Affairs, a Warsaw think tank.The governing party mobilized its administrative resources to help itself, including by controlling the election administration and by an unfair division of votes in electoral districts, he said.“This success is even more remarkable knowing that the whole playing field was uneven. The electoral system was really tilted toward the government,” Kucharczyk told The Associated Press. “You could say that the opposition had to fight this election with one hand tied behind its back and they still won.”Still, Poles on Monday were facing weeks of political uncertainty. Law and Justice won more votes than any single party and said it would try to build a new government led by Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki.“No matter how you look at it, we won,” Law and Justice campaign manager Joachim Brudzinski said Monday in an interview on RMF FM radio.President Andrzej Duda, an ally of Law and Justice, must call the first session of the new parliament within 30 days of the election and designate a prime minister to try to build a government. In the meantime, the current government will remain in a caretaker role.The tradition in the democratic era has been for the president to first tap someone from the party with the most votes, but he is not required to do so.It was not clear how Law and Justice could realistically hold onto power, unless it managed to win over some lawmakers from opposition parties, something it did in the past to maintain the thin parliamentary majority it held for eight years. But that seemed unlikely given the large number that would need to change allegiances.The leader of the agrarian PSL party, a frequent kingmaker in past governments, ruled out cooperating with Law and Justice, known in Poland as PiS, after running with the Third Way coalition.“Those who voted for us want change, want a change of government, want PiS removed from power," Wladyslaw Kosiniak-Kamysz said on RMF FM.The Ipsos poll showed Law and Justice with 36.6% of the votes cast; the opposition Civic Coalition, led by former European Council President Donald Tusk, with 31%; the centrist Third Way coalition with 13.5%; the Left party with 8.6%; and the far-right Confederation with 6.4%.The electoral commission said it expected to report the final result Tuesday.Tusk on Sunday evening declared that it was the end of Law and Justice rule and that a new era had begun for Poland.But not all rejoiced over the projected outcome. “I am disappointed with the results but I accept the democratic choice," said Elzbieta Szadur-Urbanska, a 58-year-old psychologist who voted for Law and Justice. “I think my party is also democratic.”Others were concerned about possible obstacles to a smooth transfer of power.The public television broadcaster, TVP, was reporting on Monday that Law and Justice had won the election.Cezary Tomczyk, vice chairman of Tusk’s party, said the governing party would do everything it could to try to maintain power. He called on it to accept the election result, saying it was the will of the people to give power to the opposition.“The nation has spoken,” Tomczyk said. Even if the opposition parties take power, they will face difficulties in putting forward their agenda. The president will have the power to veto new legislation, while the constitutional court, whose role is to ensure that new laws don't violate the basic law, is loyal to the current governing party, Kucharczyk said.“Fixing the relations with the EU in particular will require domestic changes, namely restoring the independence of the judiciary, restoring the rule of law, which is a condition for the EU to release the funding for Poland,” Kucharczyk said. “It will be a very, very prolonged and difficult process."___Associated Press journalists Pietro De Cristofaro, Kwiyeon Ha and Rafal Niedzielski contributed to this report.。

B | “星座”级护卫舰是美海军最新一代护卫舰，该型舰舰长约150米，宽约19米，满载排水量7000吨左右，最高航速超26节。军事观察员周伟政认为，“星座”级护卫舰设计中规中矩，性能务实。周伟政： “星座”级护卫舰放弃了此前追求的“科幻”“超前”路线，显得更加务实。该型舰艇吨位较大，自持力和适航性强，适合远洋部署，防空反导能力突出，且具有较大改装潜力。由于采用了大量成熟技术装备，设计风险小，“星座”级护卫舰能够被以较快的速度批量建造。

C | 据了解，美国从上世纪90年代开始，逐步减少护卫舰的数量。自从最后一艘“佩里”级护卫舰退役至今，美国已近十年没有护卫舰了。军事观察员周伟政分析，美国重新批量建造护卫舰与其强力推行“大国竞争”战略密切相关。

D | 周伟政：美国停止建造和使用护卫舰是因为冷战后，美国海军自认为，已没有能与之抗衡的海上力量了。 美国的军事战略从“争夺制海权”转变为“由海制陆”“前沿存在”，重点打造偏重于对陆打击的“朱姆沃尔特”级驱逐舰以及濒海战斗舰。美国重新开建新护卫舰，最根本的原因是美国军事战略、海军战略再次转型，要打所谓的“大国高端战争”，与地区强国争夺制海权。

E | 加上美国到处推行所谓“航行自由”“军事存在”，迫切需要新型护卫舰承担低烈度条件下的常规任务。据报道，美海军计划总共建造20艘“星座”级护卫舰。军事观察员周伟政分析，美国加紧全球海上扩张但力有不逮，批量建造“星座”级护卫舰就是为了避免老旧舰艇退役后美海军面临“无舰可用”的尴尬。周伟政：由于面临多型舰艇逐步退出现役的状况，美国海军计划采购20艘“星座”级护卫舰，与下一代万吨级DDG(X)驱逐舰配套，作为航母编队的属舰， 承担编队防空反潜任务，同时也可能会以单舰或小编队形式，前往热点区域，承担军演、护航、巡逻等任务。军事观察周伟政指出，由于资金难保障和建造能力不足，“星座”级护卫舰能否如期完成批量建造计划，还存在很大不确定性。

F | 周伟政：美国计划一口气建造多艘新型护卫舰，难度比较大。 一方面，“星座”级护卫舰单舰造价高达16亿美元，一下子采购20艘，美国国会愿不愿意拨款很难说。另一方面，美国造船厂的能力早已经不复当年，建造新舰的速度赶不上老舰退役的速度，而且造船厂的产能也不是单靠财政拨款就能短期内提升的。如此看来，美国海军的造舰计划，面临很大的不确定性。

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